BioMedical Waste Management in an Indian Hospital

BioMedical Waste Management in an Indian Hospital Introduction: The waste produced in the course of healthcare activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury than any other type of waste. Inadequate and inappropriate knowledge of handling of healthcare waste may have serious health consequences and a significant impact on the environment as well. According to Bio-Medical Waste (management and handling) rules, 1998 of India, Bio Medical Waste (BMW) means any solid, fluid, or liquid waste including its containers and any intermediate product which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining there or in the production or testing of biological and includes categories for same 1 The large volumes of health care waste if not managed properly can lead to a global hazard. This could not only lead to the spread of highly contagious diseases but the hazardous chemical waste produced by the use of items can cause considerable damage to the ecosystem and the environment.2 Majority of waste (75-90%) produced by the healthcare providers is non-risk or general and it is estimated that the remaining (10-25%) healthcare waste is regarded as hazardous the potential for creating a variety of health problems.3 Infectious waste may contain any of a great variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body via number of routes: through a puncture, abrasion, or cut in the skin; through the mucous membranes; by inhalation; by ingestion .4 Bio medical waste collection and proper disposal has become a significant concern for both the medical and general community. Among all health problems, there is a particular concern with HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and C, for which there is a strong evidence of transmission through healthcare waste.5In the healthcare sector alone, the World Health Organization estimates that unsafe injections cause approximately 30,000 new HIV infections, 8 million HBV infections, and 1.2 million HCV infections worldwide every year.6The BMW rule applies to all those who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or handle BMW in any manner and also to every institution that generate BMW. Effective management of biomedical waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility. Hence, there is a need for resource material to help administrators, doctors, nurses and paramedical staffs. The purpose of Bio-Medical Waste are mainly to reduce waste generation, to ensure its efficient collection, handling, as well as safe disposal in such a way that it controls infection and improves safety for employees working in the system. For this, a conscious, coordinated and cooperative effort has to be made from all Hospital staff7. India already has biomedical waste management regulations including a ban on the incineration of biomedical waste with the exception of human and animal waste at the Union level, but their implementation and enforcement throughout the country has been inconsistent. The present cross sectional questionnaire study was conducted in Ahmedabad city, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of interns, graduates post graduates at private dental colleges in Ahmedabad regarding biomedical waste management. Material and Method Ahmedabad is the largest city and former capital of the Gujarat. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of river Sabarmati, 32 km from the state capital Gandhinagar.7 The study sample includes intern, graduates and post graduates from private dental college in Ahmedabad. This study was conducted in private dental colleges in Ahmedabad City, Gujarat, India. A total of 135 dentists were selected, from which interns, graduates and postgraduates were divided equally. The selection of samples for the study was carried out by using simple random sampling technique. To make the sample more representative 45 Dentists from each private dental college were selected randomly. The sample size of 135 was determined. From each group from each college we have taken 15 subjects. Participants who do not want to participate in the study, not responding after repeated reminders and incompletely filled questionnaires were excluded from the study. The survey was scheduled to spread over a period of 1 month. A detailed weekly schedule was prepared well in advance. Although a detailed schedule was prepared meticulously, few adjustments and changes were done due to logistic reasons. Two days in a week were allotted for conducting the study. A questionnaire related to biomedical waste in the form of multiple choices was given to each participant and the response sheets were collated after a week. Principal Investigator collected the data. A pilot study was conducted on 20% of the total sample size to check the feasibility of the study and to validate the questionnaire. Prior to study a questionnaire was pre-tested and validated. The questionnaire was validated for construct and content validity, reliability and ease of use. Content and construct validity shows no significant changes. Questionnaire showed high degree (0.89) of agreement during test-retest of questionnaire. Those individuals who participated in the pilot study were not considered for the main study to prevent possible bias. The purpose and procedure of the study was informed to each participant and also participant information sheet was provided to each participant, which explains all aspects of the study. It was explained to them that they had no obligation to complete the questionnaire and could abandon it at any point without stating a reason. After explaining the purpose of the study, the informed consent was obtained from each participant who was willing to participate in the study. Data was collected by using pre-tested self-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed in English only because it was expected that all doctors and nurses were able to comprehend English. The questions were framed in three sets; knowledge, attitude and practices of interns, graduates and postgraduates in relation to Bio-medical waste management. Each participant was given a separate copy of the questionnaire personally by investigator and requested to fill it up within seven days. Collected data was coded, compiled and tabulated. The data was analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Analysis was carried out using SPSS package version 17. Result: The present study was conducted to access â€Å"knowledge, attitude and practices of interns, graduates p.g. Students at private dental colleges in Ahmedabad regarding biomedical waste management. A total of 135 participants from private dental colleges of Ahmedabad city were included in the study population. Table 1. illustrates the distribution of subjects according to their gender. Out of 135 participants 79 (58.5%) were male and 56 (41.5%) were female. We can see the answers given by the participants in table 2 which is self explanatory. Table 3. illustrates that the majority of the participants were having good knowledge regarding bio medical waste management. Whereas their attitude towards the same was found little low which is an alarming situation (table 4) and they were doing fair practice of the same which is shown in (table 5). Table 1: The distribution of subjects according to their gender Table 2: Answers given by participants Table 3: shows overall knowledge of subjects: Table 4: shows overall attitude of subjects: Table 5: shows overall practice of subjects: Discussion: The participants involved in this study were assessed for knowledge, attitude and practice of BMW management. Interestingly, this study revealed that the awareness and proper practice of biomedical waste management was satisfactory which is correlating with the study of Sachan R.. According to World Health Organization, The humans element is more important than the technology. Almost any system of treatment and disposal that is operated by well-trained, and well-motivated staff can provide more protection for staff, patients and the community than an expensive or sophisticated system that is managed by staff who do not understand the risks, and the importance of their contribution8 (World Health Organization) For effective management of hospital waste it is essential that personnel hold positive attitude towards care of the environment, occupational health and safety and teamwork. Hospital waste management has major attitudinal and behavioral components9 Literature search show poor knowledge, attitude and practices of biomedical waste management among staff and have reported that there is urgent need to train and educate all the staff, in order to adopt an effective waste management practice. Which is not exactly matching with our studies. A chain is as strong as the weakest link in it, thus the entire staff involved in waste management at some point or the other should be trained properly. Our study shows almost all of the participants were having good knowledge of bio medical waste, which is not in siding with the study of Sudhakar V10. Before providing the training program, it is mandatory to understand the existing gaps and deficiencies in the study participants knowledge, perceptions, and behavior towards hospital waste management. Knowledge, attitude and practices of the personnel play an important role. Lack of these, even with good infrastructure and technology, is of little or no use in proper waste management. Knowing this, the training program can be aimed to make participants understand-environment friendly, healthy and economically viable in-house management systems, to ensure that the waste is carried responsibly from cradle to grave. Conclusion: Optimal waste management is at best, a moving target. Usually attenders are responsible for spearheading the waste management initiatives. Waste handling is left to lower-level workers who operate without any training, guidance, and supervision. Managing waste requires effective management of people who produce the waste, not just those who handle it. Its primarily the dentists who are responsible for waste generation. But currently, as most of us are aware it is mainly the resistant attitude of dentists that is responsible for poor results on this front. Dentist at the high end of hierarchy should take this issue, which needs to be addressed not as a burden difficult to bear. Proper management of dental hospital waste should be addressed with dignity, by concerted action as duty, and by no uncertain terms as responding to pressure. They probably should not do it because there is legislation, but they need to do it, as they are also socially accountable. References: Sharma AK, Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Bhopal: Suvidha Law House; 1998. Aruna.C, Assessment of the knowledge, attitude and Practices regarding Biomedical Waste Management amongst the Medical and Paramedical Staff in Tertiary Health Care Centre, Int J Scientific Research, Vol. 2(7): 2012 Safe Management of waste from health care activities. WHO, Geneva; 1999. 4. Prà ¼ss A, Giroult E, Rushbrook P, Safe management of wastes from healthcare activities, Edited by  © 1999, WHO 5. Central Pollution Control Board. Environmental standard and guidelines for management of Hospital waste. CPCB, Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Delhi, 1996. 6. Analysis of Priority Waste Streams: Healthcare Waste. Final Information Document Commission of the European Communities (CEC), 1993 7. Khan KDL (4 June 2011), â€Å"The Symbol of Ahmedabad†. Navhind Times, retrived 24 Sept, 2013. 8. World Health Organization. Suggested guiding principles and practices for sound management of hazardous hospital waste. New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization; 2000. p. 3-5. 9.Rasheed S, Iqbal S, Baig LA, Mufti K. Hospital waste management in the teaching hospitals of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 2005;55:192-5. 10. Saini S, Nagarajan SS, Sharma RK. Knowledge, Attitude and practices of bio-medical waste management amongst staff of a tertiary level Hospital in India. J Acad Hosp 2005;17:54-9

T.S Elliot: Threatening Women :: essays research papers fc

Threatening Women   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A reoccurring theme in much of Eliot’s poetry is the figure or figures of threatening women. Eliot includes his intimidation of women in a lot of poetry he writes. However, with some of his later poetry his feeling towards women changes. He goes from fearing them and feeling threatened to almost celebrating them. When comparing his work in â€Å"The Wasteland† to his work in â€Å"Marina† you can definitely sense a change in his feelings. Could this change in his poetry be a result of his estranged relationship with his first wife and the beginning of a happy one with his second? Being that a lot of his poetry was based on his relationships with women this notion is quite possible when delving further into the meaning of his poetry. Eliot’s usage of threatening women in his poetry changes as his relationships with women changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To get a better understanding of this one must understand the relationship between Eliot and the women in his life. Vivien Haigh-Wood was his first wife. He met Vivien in 1915 and married her that same year. Neither of their parents knew of the courtship. She was of the English upper-middleclass. She was very intelligent and lively, but she was also very unstable, unknown to Eliot. From the start neither one of them could understand the other (T.S Eliot par.7). Vivien was extremely controlling and jealous, and embarrassing to take out socially. She drained Eliot with her constant illness and nearly drove him to a nervous breakdown (par. 9). Vivien was in and out of mental hospitals from 1928 and on. Then in 1932 Eliot was offered a job lecturing at Harvard. He saw this as his chance out of his unhappy marriage. So he went to the United States and filed for a legal separation from Vivien (par.13). In 1947 Eliot was shattered by the news that Vivien had passed away in a private mental hospital (par.15). Eliot met his next love interest in 1949. She was his secretary at Fabres, her name was Valerie Fletcher. After working with her for 8 years he finally proposed in 1956 (T.S Eliot par.17). They were married in 1957. Valerie was only 30 and Eliot was 68. Not many of his friends stopped him from this happiness. He told friends, â€Å"I am the luckiest man in the world.† He was very jolly during this time in his life (par.

Compare and Contrast Walter Mitty with Rip Van Winkle Essay

â€Å"May Day! May Day! We’re going down!† Right before impact you are awaken suddenly by a tapping on your shoulder by your teacher and a class full of laughing peers. It happens to everyone at one point or another. Every high school student has been succumbed to a wild daydreaming adventure. In the short story, â€Å"The secret life of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber, a man by the name of Walter Mitty can hardly tell reality from his vivid imaginary dreams which undertake him spontaneously as he feuds with his nagging wife. In a very similar short story, â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† by Washington Irving, the main character Rip Van Winkle slips away from his domestic problems with his wife to a place of serenity where he can sleep in the peace and quiet of the Catskill Mountains. These two stories possess many striking similarities yet there are many differences between them which make them unique. Similarities run wild between these two stories. The most noticeable trait in which both stories possess heavily is the portrayal of the wife. In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Rip’s wife is a nagging, mean old hag who gets her kicks out of bossing him around and taking him away from his fun with the neighborhood children and his dog. An extremely strong connection can be made from the wife of Rip to the wife of Walter Mitty. Mitty’s wife is obviously a control freq who always has to have things her way, and if things fail to lean in her favor then all havoc breaks loose. â€Å"Not so fast! You’re driving too fast!† said Mrs. Mitty. â€Å"What are you driving so fast for? (Thurber 2)† Another large similarity between Walter and Rip are their overwhelming tendencies to avoid any form of laborous activity pertaining to their own benefit by choosing to do something a little more exciting and fun. In Rip’s case, he simply leaves his wife and his h ouse with his dog, Wolf, to escape all of the responsibilities his wife imposes on him to be in the peace of the forest where he can relax for awhile. â€Å"Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. (Irving 4)† Walter Mitty is sidetracked every time he is told to do something by falling into a new daydream. His wife often has to tell him to do a particular activity multiple times before Mitty makes a formidable attempt at completing it. â€Å"When he came out into the street again, with the  overshoes in a box under his arm, Walter Mitty began to wonder what the other thing was his wife had told him to get. She had told him, twice before they set out from their house for Waterbury. (Thurber 5)† These two characters go hand-in-hand with one another, yet there are still significant details about each one which make them unique. Although very similar, these stories possess many distinct differences which separate them from one another. The first and foremost is the time in which each takes place. â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† is set in the colonial days from pre-Revolution to post-Revolution while â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† is set in the roaring ’20s of the 20th century. The main characters also have their own unique attributes as well which helps to distinguish them from each other. Walter Mitty is more of a dreamer and oddball, and uses his dreams to escape from his troubles and worries of the day. Rip Van Winkle is more of a playful, joyous person who just outright despises his home. He works extremely hard for other people and is always there to help others out yet he refuses to make any tangible efforts to get things done around the house. â€Å"In a word Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, he found it impossible. (Irving 3)† Obviously another significant detail which separates these stories is how Rip Van Winkle falls asleep for 20 years and sleeps through the Revolution, waking up only to find that everything he had once known is gone for the most part. He awakes to learn that his wife has died and this actually made him happy. Walter Mitty does not despise his wife in the same way. Mainly, Walter Mitty is just slightly annoyed by her antics and her need for control. This detail probably poses the biggest separation between plots of the two stories. Differences are noticeably large and significant when comparing these short tales. Though very similar indeed, these two stories are in fact very different from one another. The main characters of the two run parallel in description and action yet the plots seem to stray away from one another. â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† are two very unique and priceless pieces of American literature.

Organisation and Management Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3052 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT QUESTION 1 1.a) Answer: Morals is characterized as an ethical reasoning or code of ethics rehearsed by an individual or gathering of individuals. Morals is the limb of theory that arrangements with profound quality. Morals is concerned with recognizing great and underhanded on the planet, in the middle of right and wrong human activities, and in the middle of high minded and no virtuous attributes of individuals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Organisation and Management Assignment" essay for you Create order Morals are a subset of qualities. The meaning of qualities applies to things that are craved and in addition what one should do, and can incorporate such ideas as riches, joy, achievement, and satisfaction. Morals characterize how an ethical individual ought to carry on; qualities incorporate different convictions and mentality that guide conduct. The last viewpoint implies that being moral is more than comprehension what the proper thing is to do; it implies that one must do moral activities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one must walk the discussion For example Trustworthiness. When we are trustworthy, people believe in us and being trustworthy it requires honesty, integrity, reliability and loyalty. 1b) ANSWER: ETHICAL RELATIVISM The expression moral relativism includes various diverse convictions, however they all concur that there are no widespread, perpetual criteria to figure out what might possibly be a moral demonstration. Moral relativism shows that a general publics morals advance after some time and change to fit circumstances. Morals alludes to a corporate determination of what is correct or proper versus what isnt right or unseemly. This is rather than ethics, which alludes to a singulars determination of good and bad. Profound quality and morals dont generally adjust; somebody may think of it as ethically wrong to consume meat additionally trust it is untrustworthy for a legislature to constrain others to be veggie lover. 2. JUSTICE Justice is a complex moral rule, with implications that range from the reasonable treatment of people to the impartial allotment of medicinal services dollars and assets. Equity is concerned with the evenhanded dispersion of profits and loads to pe ople in social establishments, and how the privileges of different people are figured it out. 1c) ANSWER: Moral sensitivity (moral awareness), refers to an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability or capacity to perceive that a circumstance contains an ethical issue. Perceiving an ethical issue obliges the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s awareness that his/her actions have the potential to harm furthermore/or benefit other individuals recommending that ethical affectability is the leaders distinguishment that a circumstance has good substance and, thus, an ethical viewpoint is substantial . Moral judgment refers to forming and assessing which conceivable answers for the ethical issue have moral support. This venture simultaneously obliges thinking through the conceivable decisions and potential results to figure out which are ethically sound. Moral motivation (moral intention)- refers to the aim to pick the good choice over an alternate arrangement speaking to an alternate quality. This part of the moral choice making procedure includes resolving to pick the ethical worth. For example, an individual may perceive two answers for a problem, one that outcomes in an increment of individual force and one that is ethically right. In this example, moral motivation is the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention to choose the estimation of profound quality over the value of power. 1d) 1. Company Reputation Little organizations endeavour to increase game changers. Picking up points of interest from a positive notoriety in the commercial center can be sufficient to secure a sizable piece of the overall industry from your bigger rivals. Gladly showing your code of morals on your site or in press discharges, while taking consideration to guarantee that your activities are constantly in accordance with your words, can gather a positive picture among buyers and employment seekers, making an unwavering client base and serving to add to your image picture. Relations with suppliers, partners and customers will lead its business in such a path, to the point that suppliers, accomplices and clients can have confide in the Group. Suppliers and accomplices are relied upon to stick to moral measures which are steady with moral necessities. Equality and diversity They show regard for all people and try dynamic endeavours to guarantee a decent workplace described by equity and differing qualities. They doesnt acknowledge any type of segregation of its own representatives or others included in exercises. It might, nonetheless, once in a while be lawful and legitimate to utilize positive separation to accomplish correspondence and differences. Segregation incorporates all unequal treatment, prohibition or inclination on the premise of race, sexual orientation, age, handicap, sexual introduction, religion, political perspectives, national or ethnic inception or other comparative circumstances that outcome in the putting aside or bargaining of the guideline of fairness. QUESTION 2 2a) Concept CSR Answer: Corporate social obligation (CSR) promotes a vision of business responsibility to an extensive variety of stakeholders, other than shareholders and financial specialists. Key areas of concern are environmental security and the wellbeing of employees, the group and common society all in all, both now and in the future. The concept of CSR is supported by the thought that partnerships can no more go about as segregated financial elements working in separation from more extensive society. Customary perspectives about intensity, survival and benefit are being cleared away. Corporate Social Responsibility is the proceeding with duty by business to act morally and add to financial advancement while enhancing the personal satisfaction of the workforce and their families and as well as the local community group and society at large. 2b) Answer: Economic model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The perspective that society will advantage most when business is allowed to sit unbothered to create and business sector productive items that society needs. Managerial disposition: social obligation is another persons occupation; the companys essential obligation is to make a benefit for its shareholders. Firms are accepted to satisfy their social obligation by implication by paying the expenses that are utilized to address the issues of society. Social obligation is the issue of government, natural gatherings, and altruistic establishments. Socioeconomic model The idea that business ought to underline benefits as well as the effect of its choices on society. The enterprise is a production of society and it must go about as any mindful subject would. Firms take pride in their social obligation commitments. It is to the greatest advantage of firms to take the activity in social obligation matters. 2c) Answer: A company must make a competitive return for its shareholders and treat its employees fairly. A company also has wider responsibilities. It should minimise any harm to the environment and work in ways that do not damage the communities in which it operates. All employees and contractors will adopt the Corporate Social Responsibility considerations described in this policy into their day-to-day work activities. The leaders will act as role models by incorporating those considerations into decision-making in all business activities. The leaders will ensure that appropriate organizational structures are in place to effectively identify, monitor, and manage Corporate Social Responsibility issues and performance relevant to our businesses. 2d) Three benefits of CSR Answer: 1.Improved financial performance: According to the study in Harvard University they discovered that stakeholder balanced organizations demonstrated four times the development rate and eight times business development when contrasted with organizations that concentrated just on shareholders and profit maximization. 2. Enhanced brand image reputation: An organization considered socially capable can advantage -both by its improved reputation with general society, and in addition its reputation inside the business group, expanding an organizations capacity to draw in capital and exchanging accomplices. 3.Increased sales and customer loyalty: Various studies have proposed a substantial and developing business sector for the items and administrations of organizations saw to be socially capable. While organizations should first fulfill clients key purchasing criteria à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å", for example, value, quality, appearance, taste, accessibil ity, security and comfort. Studies additionally demonstrate a developing yearning to purchase taking into account other quality based criteria. QUESTION 3 3a) Answer: ORGANIZATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY- Seek to actualize the maintainability systems which furnish them with monetary and social advantages achieved through ecological obligation. Recently, the common habitat has turned into a key vital issue in both the business and scholastic groups. Through executing supportability systems, firms can incorporate long-run benefit with their endeavors to secure the biological system, furnishing them with chances to accomplish the customary game changers of expense authority and business separation by means of ecological obligation . 3b). ANSWER: Strategic Sustainability Strategic Sustainability Consulting gives associations the instruments and mastery they have to effectively deal with their social and natural effects. Supportable improvement is advancement that addresses the issues of the present without bargaining the capacity of future eras to address their own particular issues Product and Services Sustainability-. Product and services represent a business model that is mainly focusing on product sales. They can likewise be portrayed as item life-amplifying administrations as they improve the utility of possession e.g. by guarantees or upkeep administrations. As a result for the expanding lifetime of a decent less vitality, materials and machines are required for creation, which implies a positive effect on nature. On the other hand, other than this natural inspiration there is likewise a monetary impetus as the utilization of less assets is additionally associated with lower creation costs and higher business benefits. Item arranged administrations particularly suite well to items that are hard to handle, individually require specialized mastery, or to items that oblige customary support or supporting framework. The greats proprietorship in the interim remains totally with client. Staff Sustainability Staff Sustainability significance the staff are completely prepared and administered well. On the off chance that an individual from an association cant carry out their occupation, that another person can carry out that employment in an opportune manner. Thus, an association will make less income than anticipated or the income it does make wont produce as much benefit. Financial Sustainability Financial Sustainability is accomplished when a business has the capacity convey items and administrations to the business at a value that covers their costs and produces a benefit. In monetarily economical organizations, long haul productivity takes need over any transient additions. To work a monetarily supportable business, they have to grow long haul objectives that diagram in the event that they need their business to stand fiscally later on. The benefit they need to make, there level of obligation and there income prerequisites all need to be thought seriously about. They ought to build up an arrangement that will help them to land at this position inside an indicated time allotment. At the point when settling on choices that will influence the budgetary circumstance of their business, they center ought to be on attaining to long haul objectives. Abstain from settling on choices that will provide for them a fleeting monetary benefit however have a negative effect on your capacity to accomplish their long haul objectives. Keeping up their income necessities is an alternate urgent piece of working a fiscally feasible business. They have to guarantee that they have enough money coming into the business to cover their friendly costs. Question 4 4a.) Answer: Richard Beckhard- was an Americanorganizational theorist and pioneer in the field oforganization development. He pioneered the use of T-Groups for top executives and together with David Gleicher, he is credited with developing aFormula for Change. The formula (D x V x F R) proposes that the combination of organisational dissatisfaction, vision for the future and the possibility of immediate, tactical action must be stronger than the resistance within the organisation in order for meaningful change to occur. Kurt Zadek Lewin was aGerman-Americanpsychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers ofsocial,organizational, andapplied psychology. He recognized as the founder of social psychology and was one of the first to studygroup dynamicsandorganizational development. 4b) Lewin Structural Change Customers begin to demand more orders,Technological Advances, Managers acquire new employee Technological Change According to the case study The Managing Director Henry Buckworth decided to invest a new CAD/CAM computer-aided design system and a CNC (computer numeric controlled) manufacturing system to design and to manufacture the range of clothing. People Change In a case study because of demands of customers Henry need to meet those orders in time so he need a well trained staff to accomplish those plans using a new equipment. He asked the Production Manager Jim Foster to decide whether they needed to train up their staff to operate the new equipment or he should get new staff who already have skills. Richard Beckhard Structural Change-(D) peer pressure in changing structure in work environment, (V) To meet their goals like to cover all customers demand, (F) Staff Meeting Training Technological Change-(D) Rash things, (V) To implement a new equipment a new CAD/CAM computer-aided design system a CNC manufacturing system, (F) To hire new skilled staff People Change (D) someone possible lose his/her job, (V) To hire new staff or to train their existing staff, (F) Staff Meeting, (R) The staff became suspicious 4c) Answer: Lewinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s freeze phases Unfreeze Because of huge increase in demand, Henry need to make a hard decisions, so he invested a new CAD/CAM computer-aided design system and a CNC (computer numeric controlled) manufacturing system to design and to manufacture the range of clothing. He is confused what to do in existing business contracts either he needed to train up his staff to operate the new equipment or he get some new staff who already have the skills. The management needs to plan ahead, very autocratic management styles, keep the lines of communication remain open honest which creates a sense of security and trust in all those involved with the proposed changed., Identify the factors of problems possible changes and identify the barriers that the company facing now and may need to be overcome. Transition- Henry set up a meeting with all the staff in the afternoon to share the good news to them. -Regular Staff meeting, Involve the team/staff members, trainings for the existing staff, implementation of the new equipment. Refreeze Henry needs to saved the company and secured all their futures so he need to sort this out before it gets completely out of hand. -Set a goal for the company, evaluate the stability of the change and the overall effectiveness within practice. Reward desired outcomes. Formula for change Richard Beckhard D Rash things, someone possibly lose his/her job V a huge new contract to supply Hyonsung in Korea that would secure the future of the company and jobs for many years to come., Bringing in specialist contract staff to design the products and run the new machines. Having clear and focusing for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal. F short long term goals for achieving the change, plans for meaningful involvement, communication plan, Teamwork, Cooperation. R Blaming 4d.) Answer: Henry Buckworth- The Managing Director of Specialist Apparel Ltd. Sheila Parata- The Sales Director of Specialist Apparel Ltd. Jim Foster- The Production Director of Specialist Apparel Ltd. STRENGTH LIMITATIONS Henry Buckworth Decision Maker, Multitasking bec. He can handle many orders, Goal oriented person. He have too many commitments. Being a Managing Director he have impressive personal qualities such as charisma and integrity. They tend to make promises with the intention of keeping them, but its hard to keep all of them. If youre spread too thin, your employees needs can fall through the cracks. He combat a tendency to over-commit himself by saying no or at least telling his staff when he will get back to them. Mistake of listening or failing to hear what their employees have to say or not always hearing what their employees are saying. Sheila Parata She has a good negotiating skills and good communicator through customers She easily lose her temper. Jim Foster He has the ability to influence people. He easily surrender, he is a negative thinker he chose to give up the proposal than to find solutions on the problem that Specialist apparel Ltd. has facing. 4e) Answer: Contextual factors: Organisational culture the culture in Specialist Apparel Ltd represent certain predefined policies which guide their employees and give them a sense of direction into their workplace. But the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion not really valued by the Managing Director. Every employee of Henry Buckworth shall exhibit culturally appropriate behaviour in the countries that they operate in, and deal on behalf of the company with professionalism, honesty integrity, while conforming to high moral and ethical standard. Management style The management style using in Specialist Apparel Ltd. is Autocratic style of leadership, according to the case the leader makes the decision alone and the leader conveys the decision to the staff members and they have to work within the scope of the decision. E.g in the case study Henry (Managing Director) to meet the huge increase in demand he need to make tough decisions so he invested in a new CAD/CAM computer-aided design system and CNC (Computer numeric controlled) manufacturing system to design and to manufacture the range of clothing. Organisational ethics values In the case study the leader employees act with honesty and integrity when dealing with customers, suppliers, government agencies and fellow employees. They treated others with respect and dignity. The organisation and the employees benefit from having ethical manner like they build a strong company image, they increase profits and they improved quality products and services Participation In the case study the management actively encouraging their staff members to assist in running and improving business processes and operations but the employees opinion did not recognized by the Managing director. Communication The Managing Director gathered a staff meeting on Monday morning to announce the success of companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mission. He outlined the scope of the contract and what it would mean in terms of securing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s future. He also indicated the impact on existing business contracts and where the emphasis must now be placed. Environmental pressures In the case study the environmental pressure are very stressful for the leader staff member because the Managing Director wants to fulfilled the customer needs like for example he had a new contract again to supply Hyonsung in Korea and he wants to implement the CAD/CAM design and CNC equipment but his staff are lack of trainings to do this so it put pressure on his staff members.